BACKGROUND: The human retroviruses HIV-1 and HTLV-1 share the routes of infection with hepatitis viruses B and C. Co-infection by these agents are a common event, but we have scarce knowledge on co-infection by two or more of these agents. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the characteristics and risk factors for co-infections by HBV and HCV in patients infected by HIV-1 or/and HTLV-1, in Salvador, Brazil. METHODS: In a case-control study we evaluated patients followed in the AIDS and HTLV clinics of Federal University of Bahia Hospital. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics were reviewed, and patients were tested for the presence of serological markers of HBV and HCV infections. HCV-infected patients were tested by PCR to evaluate the presence of viremia. RESULTS: A total of 200 HIV-1, 213 HTLV-1-infected, and 38 HIV-HTLV-co-infected individuals were included. HIV-infected patients were more likely to have had more sexual partners in the lifetime than other patients' groups. HIV-HTLV-co-infected subjects were predominantly male. Patients infected by HTLV or co-infected had a significantly higher frequency of previous syphilis or gonorrhea, while HIV infection was mainly associated with HPV infection. Co-infection was significantly associated to intravenous drug use (IVDU). HBV and/or HCV markers were more frequently found among co-infected patients. HBV markers were more frequently detected among HIV-infected patients, while HCV was clearly associated with IVDU across all groups. AgHBs was strongly associated with co-infection by HIV-HTLV (OR = 22.03, 95% CI: 2.69-469.7), as well as confirmed HCV infection (p = 0.001). Concomitant HCV and HBV infection was also associated with retroviral co-infection. Patients infected by HTLV-1 had a lower chance of detectable HCV viremia (OR = 0.04, 95% CI: 0.002-0.85). CONCLUSIONS: Infection by HCV and/or HBV is frequent among patients presenting retroviral infection, but risk factors and prevalence for each infection are distinct for each agent. Retroviral co-infection increases the risk of a positive AgHBs, but HTLV-1 infection seems to increase the likelihood of HCV spontaneous clearance.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose is to study the effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy and autologous platelet concentrates in healing the fibula bone of rabbits after induced fractures. METHODS: A total of 128 male New Zealand albino rabbits, between 6-8 months old, were subjected to a total osteotomy of the proximal portion of the right fibula. After surgery, the animals were divided into four groups (n = 32 each): control group, in which animals were subjected to osteotomy; autologous platelet concentrate group, in which animals were subjected to osteotomy and autologous platelet concentrate applied at the fracture site; hyperbaric oxygen group, in which animals were subjected to osteotomy and 9 consecutive daily hyperbaric oxygen therapy sessions; and autologous platelet concentrate and hyperbaric oxygen group, in which animals were subjected to osteotomy, autologous platelet concentrate applied at the fracture site, and 9 consecutive daily hyperbaric oxygen therapy sessions. Each group was divided into 4 subgroups according to a pre-determined euthanasia time points: 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks postoperative. After euthanasia at a specific time point, the fibula containing the osseous callus was prepared histologically and stained with hematoxylin and eosin or picrosirius red. RESULTS: Autologous platelet concentrates and hyperbaric oxygen therapy, applied together or separately, increased the rate of bone healing compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy and autologous platelet concentrate combined increased the rate of bone healing in this experimental model.

Trata-se de um estudo bibliográfico que busca discutir a temática "idoso dependente de cuidados e a capacitação do cuidador no contexto domiciliar". A análise foi realizada a partir de autores que desenvolveram estudos sobre envelhecimento com dependência, cuidado familiar e ações direcionadas ao cuidador informal. Os temas destacados para esta análise foram: o papel do cuidador informal no cuidado do idoso dependente; a vivência de ser um cuidador familiar; e os modelos de atenção e suporte direcionados ao cuidador informal. O estudo demonstra a importância da ampliação de estratégias que tenham o cuidador como sujeito principal, cabendo ao profissional de saúde e às políticas públicas valorizarem a rede de suporte ao idoso dependente. Esta rede é importante como base do processo de cuidar com qualidade.

The present study is a bibliographic research that aims to discuss the theme "the dependent elderly and caregiver's skills in domiciliary context". The authors who developed studies on dependent elderly, familiar care and non-professional care actions were consulted. The themes emphasized were: the role of non-professional caregivers; the experience of caring a relative, and models of assistance and support for non-professional caregivers. The study shows the importance of establishing strategies of support for the community Care. It is up to the health professionals and to the public policies to value a support system to the dependent aged cared in community. This system should be the base for a qualified process of care.

Se trata de un estudio bibliográfico que busca discutir la tematica del anciano dependiente y la capacitación del cuidador en el contexto domiciliar. La análisis fue realizada a partir de autores que desarollaron estudios sobre envejecimiento con dependencia, cuidado familiar y acciones direccionadas al cuidador informal. Los temas destacados para esta análisis fueron: el papel del cuidador informal en el cuidado al idoso dependiente; la vivencia de ser un cuidador familiar; y los modelos de atención y suporte dirigidos para el cuidador informal. El estudio muestra la importancia de la ampliación de estrategias que tengan el cuidador como sujeto principal, siendo de competencia del profesional de salud y de las políticas públicas valoraren la red de soporte al idoso dependiente y tenerla como aliada en el proceso de cuidar con calidad.

The present study is a bibliographic research that aims to discuss the theme "the dependent elderly and caregiver's skills in domiciliary context". The authors who developed studies on dependent elderly, familiar care and non-professional care actions were consulted. The themes emphasized were: the role of non-professional caregivers; the experience of caring a relative, and models of assistance and support for non-professional caregivers. The study shows the importance of establishing strategies of support for the community Care. It is up to the health professionals and to the public policies to value a support system to the dependent aged cared in community. This system should be the base for a qualified process of care.

Se trata de un estudio bibliográfico que busca discutir la tematica del anciano dependiente y la capacitación del cuidador en el contexto domiciliar. La análisis fue realizada a partir de autores que desarollaron estudios sobre envejecimiento con dependencia, cuidado familiar y acciones direccionadas al cuidador informal. Los temas destacados para esta análisis fueron: el papel del cuidador informal en el cuidado al idoso dependiente; la vivencia de ser un cuidador familiar; y los modelos de atención y suporte dirigidos para el cuidador informal. El estudio muestra la importancia de la ampliación de estrategias que tengan el cuidador como sujeto principal, siendo de competencia del profesional de salud y de las políticas públicas valoraren la red de soporte al idoso dependiente y tenerla como aliada en el proceso de cuidar con calidad.

Trata-se de um estudo bibliográfico que busca discutir a temática "idoso dependente de cuidados e a capacitação do cuidador no contexto domiciliar". A análise foi realizada a partir de autores que desenvolveram estudos sobre envelhecimento com dependência, cuidado familiar e ações direcionadas ao cuidador informal. Os temas destacados para esta análise foram: o papel do cuidador informal no cuidado do idoso dependente; a vivência de ser um cuidador familiar; e os modelos de atenção e suporte direcionados ao cuidador informal. O estudo demonstra a importância da ampliação de estratégias que tenham o cuidador como sujeito principal, cabendo ao profissional de saúde e às políticas públicas valorizarem a rede de suporte ao idoso dependente. Esta rede é importante como base do processo de cuidar com qualidade.

Trata-se de estudo descritivo exploratório com abordagem quantitativa, no qual são delineadas variáveis associadas à ocorrência de quedas nos idosos atendidos ambulatorialmente, a partir dos diagnósticos de enfermagem. Foram investigados os registros de dados dos prontuários de 490 idosos a partir de 60 anos. As variáveis sofreram análise univariada e bivariada (p<0,05). A variável dependente - ocorrência de quedas - obteve prevalência de 30% com maior proporção no sexo feminino. Foi encontrada associação positiva e independente com os seguintes diagnósticos de enfermagem: perda de equilíbrio (p<0,001), pressão arterial elevada (p<0,001), fraqueza (p<0,025) e incontinência urinária (p<0,025). Não se observou associação entre quedas e os diagnósticos: visão alterada, audição alterada, dores osteoarticulares, marcha alterada e hipotensão postural. O estudo demonstra a importância de se trabalhar melhor as questões relativas às variáveis que apresentaram associação positiva com a ocorrência de quedas, na abordagem de enfermagem.

This is an exploratory descriptive study with a quantitative approach, in which variables associated to the occurrence of falls observed in elderly assisted in an outpatient clinic are delineated from the nursing diagnoses. Data from the files of 490 elderly with age between 60 and 98 years old were investigated. Univariate and bivariate statistical analyses were performed (p <0,05). The dependent variable, occurrence of falls, was prevalent in 30% of the cases and occurred with more frequency among females. A positive and independent association with the following diagnoses of Nursing was found: loss of balance (p <0,001), high blood pressure (p <0,001), weakness (p <0,025) and urinary incontinence (p <0,025). No association was observed for: altered vision, altered audition, joints pain, altered march and postural hypotension. The study shows the importance of working issues related to the variables that presented positive association with the occurrence of falls in the nursing practice.

Estudio descriptivo - exploratorio con enfoque cuantitativo, en el cual son mencionadas variables asociadas con caídas de ancianos atendidos ambulatoriamente, en base a los diagnósticos de Enfermería. Fueron investigados los registros de informaciones de las historias clínicas de 490 personas ancianas a partir de 60 años. Fue utilizado el análisis estadístico univariado y bivariado (p <0,05). La variable dependiente - ocurrencia de caídas - tuvo una prevalencia de 30%, siendo mayor en el sexo femenino. Se encontró una asociación positiva e independiente con los siguientes diagnósticos de enfermería: pérdida de equilíbrio (p <0,001), presión arterial alta (p <0,001), debilidad (p <0,025) e incontinencia urinaria (p <0,025). No se observó asociación entre las caídas y los siguientes diagnósticos: visión alterada, audición alterada, dolores osteo-articulares, marcha alterada e hipotensión postural. El estudio demuestra la importancia de ser trabajados por enfermería aspectos relacionados con las variables que presentan asociación directa con las caídas.

This is an exploratory descriptive study with a quantitative approach, in which variables associated to the occurrence of falls observed in elderly assisted in an outpatient clinic are delineated from the nursing diagnoses. Data from the files of 490 elderly with age between 60 and 98 years old were investigated. Univariate and bivariate statistical analyses were performed (p <0,05). The dependent variable, occurrence of falls, was prevalent in 30% of the cases and occurred with more frequency among females. A positive and independent association with the following diagnoses of Nursing was found: loss of balance (p <0,001), high blood pressure (p <0,001), weakness (p <0,025) and urinary incontinence (p <0,025). No association was observed for: altered vision, altered audition, joints pain, altered march and postural hypotension. The study shows the importance of working issues related to the variables that presented positive association with the occurrence of falls in the nursing practice.

Estudio descriptivo - exploratorio con enfoque cuantitativo, en el cual son mencionadas variables asociadas con caídas de ancianos atendidos ambulatoriamente, en base a los diagnósticos de Enfermería. Fueron investigados los registros de informaciones de las historias clínicas de 490 personas ancianas a partir de 60 años. Fue utilizado el análisis estadístico univariado y bivariado (p <0,05). La variable dependiente - ocurrencia de caídas - tuvo una prevalencia de 30%, siendo mayor en el sexo femenino. Se encontró una asociación positiva e independiente con los siguientes diagnósticos de enfermería: pérdida de equilíbrio (p <0,001), presión arterial alta (p <0,001), debilidad (p <0,025) e incontinencia urinaria (p <0,025). No se observó asociación entre las caídas y los siguientes diagnósticos: visión alterada, audición alterada, dolores osteo-articulares, marcha alterada e hipotensión postural. El estudio demuestra la importancia de ser trabajados por enfermería aspectos relacionados con las variables que presentan asociación directa con las caídas.

Trata-se de estudo descritivo exploratório com abordagem quantitativa, no qual são delineadas variáveis associadas à ocorrência de quedas nos idosos atendidos ambulatorialmente, a partir dos diagnósticos de enfermagem. Foram investigados os registros de dados dos prontuários de 490 idosos a partir de 60 anos. As variáveis sofreram análise univariada e bivariada (p<0,05). A variável dependente - ocorrência de quedas - obteve prevalência de 30% com maior proporção no sexo feminino. Foi encontrada associação positiva e independente com os seguintes diagnósticos de enfermagem: perda de equilíbrio (p<0,001), pressão arterial elevada (p<0,001), fraqueza (p<0,025) e incontinência urinária (p<0,025). Não se observou associação entre quedas e os diagnósticos: visão alterada, audição alterada, dores osteoarticulares, marcha alterada e hipotensão postural. O estudo demonstra a importância de se trabalhar melhor as questões relativas às variáveis que apresentaram associação positiva com a ocorrência de quedas, na abordagem de enfermagem.